Ten Fast Facts On The Economics Of Immigration | Zero Hedge

While immigration was pretty far down on the priority list at this time last year, recently the topic has taken a front seat in lawmakers? chambers down in Washington. ConvergEs's Nick Colas notes that policymakers on both sides of ideological spectrum are establishing positions and recommendations for reform, and are familiarizing themselves with some of the lesser-known facts about immigration. In a nutshell, he explains: immigration is not all about border crossings from Mexico and undocumented workers. There are many more figures ? and costs ? associated with immigration, most of which have palpable and measurable impacts on the US economy. From GDP growth to the health of the housing market, immigration?s influences may not be widely known, but should be in order for policymakers and investors to make informed decisions.

Note from Nick:? Immigration is often couched as a social issue, especially in American politics.? And while that may be the ?Red meat? both parties use to energize their respective bases, the truth is that the current debate on the topic has important economic ramifications as well.? Sarah picks it up from here, with data points all the way from the Federal budget to GDP math.

While immigration is back on the docket in Washington, the topic has yet to capture much attention on Wall Street, taking a back seat to European troubles and the Dow rally. The inattention seems warranted, as immigration is typically cast as a simply societal issue ? but I urge you to reconsider its economic importance. The reality is that immigration, and any reform thereto, has real, visible impacts on the US economy at both the micro and macro levels, from GDP to job growth:?

As you can see, the labor market, housing, GDP, and even tax revenues are influenced by immigration ? and, consequently, by changes to immigration law. Ideally, any changes made to the legislation would be favorable to the US economy ? hence the focus on creating an easier path for high-skill labor immigration and paths to citizenship for current illegal residents. But in order to understand the kind of impact any changes may have on the US economy, first we have to look at where things stand now.

With that in mind, we?ve compiled a short list of more economically-oriented facts about immigration, presented below in ?10 Things You May Not Know about US Immigration?.? They aren?t all splashy attention getters; some are pretty deep in the weeds, actually.? But all of them highlight some point we think hasn?t gotten enough attention in this ongoing debate over immigration in America.

1.?????? The Border Patrol?s budget increased 149% from FY 2002 to FY 2012: $1.4 to $3.5 billion. In fact, of all the agencies within the Department of Homeland Security, ?Customs and Border Protection? has the largest budget with $10.4 billion, and it saw the biggest budget increase in 2012. Yep, those are billions? Thanks to the sequester, the budget decreased by about $500 million ? but the DHS is requesting just under $12 billion for FY 2013, $3.6 billion of which will go to Border Patrol.

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Border Patrol staff has also more than doubled over the past 10 years, growing 113% from FY02 to FY12. What?s most interesting here, though, is that the biggest staff increase has been at Northern points of entry (POEs), which include Buffalo, NY, Spokane, WA, and Grand Forks, ND. Staff here has grown 312%, from 492 to 2,026.

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Bottom line: Enforcing the current system isn?t cheap.? A billion here and a billion there, and pretty soon you?re talking real money.

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2.?????? And yet, despite increased budgets and staff, apprehensions are down -62% since FY02, and have fallen -78% since their peak in FY 2000. The FY12 total stood at 364,768: the last time apprehensions were this low was 1972. There are two easy explanations for the slowdown, though neither is particularly optimistic: either Border Patrol is doing a poor job, or no one is trying to cross the border. The latter point is corroborated by Mexican emigration estimates, and as we?ve said in prior notes the slowdown points to a still-moribund job market in the US.

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Bottom line: Illegal immigration is about economics.? When people don?t particularly want to sneak into your country (or even try) you know you?ve got one weak economy.

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3.?????? Based on these budget figures, we know that each apprehension at the border cost us $9,680, up from only $1,483 in FY02. A 553% increase in just 10 years. And each BP officer made only about 6 apprehensions in FY12, down from about 95 in FY02. The total cost of arresting, detaining, and deporting each person from the US comes in at $12,500, according to Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), though some estimates put the number as high as $23,482 (including court proceedings, etc.). With fewer crossings, the higher budget and larger staff don?t seem warranted ? but there they are.

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Bottom line: The system also seems to be inefficient ? as well as expensive. So unless we rethink and reform apprehension, detaining, and deporting, we?re probably going to be stuck with a Border Patrol with what business analysts would call ?Very high per unit costs.?

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4.?????? The majority of the drug trade comes through the Southwest POEs, though each region appears to have its own drug ?specialty?. Most marijuana comes through the Southwest, with 2.3 million pounds seized in FY12 ? about 160 pounds per seizure. The ?Coastal? border (Miami, New Orleans, etc.) is the primary seizure point for cocaine (5,962 pounds seized in 2012, 23 pounds per seizure), while most ecstasy is funneled through the Northern border (199 pounds in 2012).

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671 firearms and 128,000 rounds of ammunition were seized at POEs across the country in FY12, along with $7.6 million dollars in cash. The money is not all in USD, though, and it all goes to an ?asset forfeiture? account controlled by the Treasury. Almost 10,000 vehicles (?conveyances?, in CBP terms) were also seized, the majority of them at the Southwest border.

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Bottom line: Immigration isn?t just about people ? it is about border security as well.

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5.?????? The largest immigrant groups in the US by country of origin are Mexico, China, Philippines, and the Dominican Republic. But while Mexican nationals make up the majority of immigrants into the US, net migration from the country has fallen to zero ? and has perhaps even gone negative, according to the Pew Hispanic Center. As we?ve explored in prior notes, this trend is a pessimistic sign for the US labor market as it implies declining economic opportunity for lower-skill workers. Immigration from China and the Philippines, though, is up.

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Bottom line: The stereotypical immigration flow is no longer accurate: immigration into the US has globalized and, consequently, any reforms must address a much more complicated system.

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6.?????? Less than 1.2% of green card applicants were approved in 2011 (latest data available), with a cap of 140,000 cards to be allotted each year. More than 12.1 million applied in 2011. No single country can receive more than 7% of the green cards available, and some countries ? most of which are major emigration points to the US ? are excluded from the lottery each year. Mexico, for example, is excluded, but the country is also granted special ?border crossing cards?: 1.5 million were issued in 2012.

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Naturalization ? separate from green cards and visas ? is perhaps an even more rigorous process, as the required US residence period required varies by region. According to the Office for Immigration Statistics, immigrants born in Africa spend the least time in ?legal immigrant status? with only 5 years? waiting period. Immigrants from Asia and South America take 6 years, Europe 7, Oceania 8, and North America 10 years.

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Bottom line: The US immigration structure is incredibly complicated. A more streamlined approach ? even if it does turn out to be stricter ? would save a lot of time (and, most likely, money).

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7.?????? The majority of immigrant visas (separate from green cards) were granted to relatives or ?family sponsored? persons in 2012. The State Department tries to keep the number of immigrant visas granted about the same each year, with only 482,300 issued in 2012. According to the State Department?s documentation, 75% of these went to family members (siblings, spouses, and children mostly), while only 4% went to ?Employment-based preference? visas. Making a change here seems to be one of the focal points of immigration reform in Washington; the current proposal cuts down on familial visa grants in favor of high-skill employment visas.

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Bottom line: The US immigration reform is putting first priorities first. While families will almost definitely remain important in any new legislation, high-skill immigrants ? and their perceived value to the US economy ? will have the priority.

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8.?????? According to the Census Bureau?s Current Population Survey, the average foreign-born non-citizen in the US has an income of $27,000, is between 25-34 years old, married, lives in California, and did not graduate from high school. The person is also much more likely to rent their home than to own. For comparison?s sake, native families average about $47k in income, while documented immigrants make $48k.

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But while the majority of immigrant persons are older, an estimated 4.5 million children (citizens) have parents who are unauthorized to live in the US, and 1 million are estimated to be unauthorized themselves. 31,029 juveniles were apprehended at the border in 2012, including 24,481 unaccompanied children.

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Bottom line: Non-citizens are, on many counts, distinct from native-born US citizens; but foreign-born persons as a whole are more or less ?just like us?. More importantly though, not all immigrants (and particularly illegal immigrants) are young, single men looking for work: women and children are also an important part of the demographic

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9.?????? The Congressional Budget Office estimates that at least half of undocumented immigrants file income papers each year, and pay local, state, and federal taxes. Based on the Institute for Taxation and Economic Policy, moreover, undocumented immigrants paid about $11.2 billion in taxes in 2010 ? about $1,000 per estimated illegal alien living in the US.

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Bottom line: Illegal immigration isn?t an absolute drain on tax revenue. Undoubtedly some persons do not pay federal, state, or local taxes, but many do.

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10.?? Finally, the Center for American Progress estimates that undocumented immigrations could contribute an additional $1.4 trillion to GDP between 2013 and 2022 if they are all granted citizenship by the end of this year. Granted, this is a major ?Progressive? think tank, but in this case the theory is sound.? More people on the books without all the red tape lowers costs and increases tax revenue.? Additionally, the Center says Americans overall would see a $791 billion increase in personal income, and tax revenue would go up $184 billion - $116 at the federal and $68 at the state level.

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Bottom line: Immigration reform could add an extra couple points to GDP growth over the coming years. And increase tax revenues.

All of these points are worth considering as lawmakers push for immigration reform down in Washington. It will not be easy to come to agreements on paths to citizenship for illegal immigrants, caps on border crossings, and especially, money to spend on the process, for sure, but the change is necessary ? and the benefits could potentially outweigh the costs. While a positive housing market, labor market, and even GDP number are not entirely dependent on immigration reform, some action could definitely push all of these in the right direction: up.

Source: http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2013-04-02/ten-fast-facts-economics-immigration

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Bill Gates Condom Challenge: It's On!

Source: http://www.thehollywoodgossip.com/2013/03/bill-gates-condom-challenge-its-on/

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Video: Imaging methodology reveals nano details not seen before

Thursday, March 28, 2013

A team of scientists from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and Northwestern University has produced 3-D images and videos of a tiny platinum nanoparticle at atomic resolution that reveal new details of defects in nanomaterials that have not been seen before.

Prior to this work, scientists only had flat, two-dimensional images with which to view the arrangement of atoms. The new imaging methodology developed at UCLA and Northwestern will enable researchers to learn more about a material and its properties by viewing atoms from different angles and seeing how they are arranged in three dimensions.

The study will be published March 27 by the journal Nature.

The authors describe being able to see how the atoms of a platinum nanoparticle -- only 10 namometers in diameter -- are arranged in three dimensions. They also identify how the atoms are arranged around defects in the platinum nanoparticle.

Three-dimensional volume renderings of the platinum nanoparticle are reconstructed from 104 experimental projections in which nearly all the atoms of the nanoparticle are visible. Furthermore, 3-D atomic steps at twin boundaries and the 3-D core structure of edge and screw dislocations in the nanoparticle are observed at atomic resolution. (See Figures 2-4 in the paper.) These dislocations and the atomic steps at the twin boundaries, which appearto be stress-relief mechanisms, are not visible in conventional 2-D projections.

Credit: Chien-Chun Chen, UCLA

Similar to how CT scans of the brain and body are done in a hospital, the scientists took images of a platinum nanoparticle from many different directions and then pieced the images together using a new method that improved the quality of the images.

This novel method is a combination of three techniques: scanning transmission electron microscopy, equally sloped tomography (EST) and three-dimensional Fourier filtering. Compared to conventional CT, the combined method produces much higher quality 3-D images and allows the direct visualization of atoms inside the platinum nanoparticle in three dimensions.

"Visualizing the arrangement of atoms in materials has played an important role in the evolution of modern science and technology," said Jianwei (John) Miao, who led the work. He is a professor of physics and astronomy at UCLA and a researcher with the California NanoSystems Institute at UCLA.

"Our method allows the 3-D imaging of the local structures in materials at atomic resolution, and it is expected to find application in materials sciences, nanoscience, solid state physics and chemistry," he said.

"It turns out that there are details we can only see when we can look at materials in three dimensions," said co-author Laurence D. Marks, a professor of materials science and engineering at Northwestern's McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science.

"We have had suspicions for a long time that there was more going on than we could see from the flat images we had," Marks said. "This work is the first demonstration that this is true at the atomic scale."

Nanotechnology expert Pulickel M. Ajayan, the Benjamin M. and Mary Greenwood Anderson Professor of Engineering at Rice University complimented the research.

"This is the first instance where the three-dimensional structure of dislocations in nanoparticles has been directly revealed at atomic resolution," Ajayan said. "The elegant work demonstrates the power of electron tomography and leads to possibilities of directly correlating the structure of nanoparticles to properties, all in full 3-D view."

Defects can influence many properties of materials, and a technique for visualizing these structures at atomic resolution could lead to new insights beneficial to researchers in a wide range of fields.

"Much of what we know about how materials work, whether it is a catalyst in an automobile exhaust system or the display on a smartphone, has come from electron microscope images of how the atoms are arranged," Marks said. "This new imaging method will open up the atomic world of nanoparticles."

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Northwestern University: http://www.northwestern.edu

Thanks to Northwestern University for this article.

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Source: http://www.labspaces.net/127483/Video__Imaging_methodology_reveals_nano_details_not_seen_before

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Simulations uncover obstacle to harnessing laser-driven fusion: Under realistic conditions, hollow cones fail to guide energetic electrons to fuel

Mar. 26, 2013 ? A once-promising approach for using next-generation, ultra-intense lasers to help deliver commercially viable fusion energy has been brought into serious question by new experimental results and first-of-a-kind simulations of laser-plasma interaction.

Researchers at The Ohio State University are evaluating a two-stage process in which a pellet of fusion fuel is first crushed by lasers on all sides, shrinking the pellet to dozens of times its original size, followed by an ultra-intense burst of laser light to ignite a chain reaction. This two-stage approach is called Fast Ignition, and there are a few variants on the theme.

In a recent paper, the Ohio State research group considered the long-discussed possibility of using a hollow cone to maintain a channel for the ultra-intense "ignitor pulse" to focus laser energy on the compressed pellet core. Drawing on both experimental results from studies at the Titan Laser at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California, and massively-parallel computer simulations of the laser-target interaction performed at the Ohio Supercomputer Center (OSC) in Columbus, Ohio, the research team found compelling evidence that the cone-guided approach to Fast Ignition has a serious flaw.

"In the history of fusion research, two-steps-forward and one-step-back stories are a common theme," said Chris Orban, Ph.D., a researcher of the High Energy Density Physics research group at Ohio State and the lead theorist on the project. "But sometimes progress is about seeing what's not going to work, just as much as it is looking forward to the next big idea."

Since the ultra-intense pulse delivers energy to the fuel through relativistic electrons accelerated by the laser interaction, the Ohio State study focused on the coupling of the laser light to electrons and the propagation of those electrons through the cone target. Rather than investigating how the interaction would work on a high-demand, high-cost facility like the National Ignition Facility (NIF), which is also based at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and one of the largest scientific operations in the world, the researchers considered experiments just across from NIF at the Titan laser, which is much smaller and easily accessible.

These images from their simulations highlight the trajectories of randomly-selected electrons for a thin cone (left) and thick cone (right), each attached to a copper wire. Background colors show the strength of the electric fields pointing away from the cone and wire. For thin cones, the electric fields act to guide energetic electrons forward into the wire while for thick cones -- a more realistic case -- these fields are too distant to be effective. An animation of the simulation is available online at: http://www.physics.ohio-state.edu/~orban/cone_wire_final5mJ_4_5ps.avi.

Despite its size and despite having lower total energy, for a brief moment the Titan laser is many thousands of times more intense than NIF, which makes it a decent stand-in as a second-stage ignitor pulse. The OSU-led experimental team focused the Titan pulse on hollow cone targets attached at the tip to copper wires and observed the burst of X-ray photons coming from the copper as a measure of the laser energy to relativistic electron conversion efficiency.

The X-ray signal was much lower from the hollow cones with thicker cone walls. "This was strong evidence to the experimental team that the typical approach to cone-guided Fast Ignition wouldn't work, since thicker cones should be more realistic than thin cones," said Orban. "This is because electrons are free to move around in a dense plasma, much like they do in a normal metal, so the thicker cone target is like a thin cone embedded in a dense plasma."

These intuitions were tested in simulations performed at OSC. Whereas earlier efforts to simulate the laser-target interaction were forced to simplify or shrink the target size in order to make the calculations more feasible, Orban used the LSP code to perform the first-ever, full-scale 2D Particle-In-Cell simulations of the entire laser-target interaction using fully realistic laser fields.

These simulations also included a sophisticated model for the pre-heating of the target from stray laser light ahead of the ultra-intense pulse developed by collaborators at the Flash Center for Computational Science at the University of Chicago.

"We were delighted to help Chris use the FLASH code to provide realistic initial conditions for his Particle-In-Cell simulations," said Don Lamb, director of the Flash Center. "This is an outstanding example of how two groups can collaborate to achieve a scientific result that neither could have achieved alone."

To conduct the simulations, the Ohio State researchers accessed OSC's flagship Oakley Cluster supercomputer system. The HP-built system features 8,300+ Intel Xeon cores and 128 NVIDIA Tesla GPUs. Oakley can achieve 88 teraflops, tech-speak for performing 88 trillion calculations per second, or, with acceleration from the NVIDIA GPUs, a total peak performance of 154 teraflops.

"The simulations pointed to the electric fields building up on the edge of the cone as the key to everything," said Orban. "The thicker the cone is, the further away the cone edge is from the laser, and as a result fewer energetic electrons are deflected forward, which is the crucial issue in making cone-guided Fast Ignition a viable approach."

With both the experiment and the simulations telling the same story, the evidence is compelling that the cone-guided route to Fast Ignition is an unlikely one. While other studies have come to similar conclusions, the group was the first to identify the plasma surrounding the cone as a severe hindrance. Thankfully, there are still many other ideas for successfully igniting the fusion pellet with current or soon-to-be-constructed laser facilities. Any future efforts to spark fusion reactions with these lasers using a two-stage fast-ignition approach must be mindful to consider the neutralizing effect of the free electrons in the dense plasma.

"We could not have completed this project without the Oakley Cluster," Orban noted. "It was the perfect combination of speed and RAM and availability for us. And thanks to the profiling I was able to do, the compute time for our production runs went from two weeks in November 2011 to three or four days as of February 2012."

"Energy and the environment is one of the primary focus areas of the center, and this research fits perfectly into that domain," said Brian Guilfoos, the client and technology support manager for OSC. "Many of our systems were designed and software packages selected to best support the type of computing required by investigators working in fields related to our focus areas."

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Ohio Supercomputer Center.

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Journal Reference:

1. K. U. Akli, C. Orban, D. Schumacher, M. Storm, M. Fatenejad, D. Lamb, R. R. Freeman. Coupling of high-intensity laser light to fast electrons in cone-guided fast ignition. Physical Review E, 2012; 86 (6) DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.86.065402

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/top_technology/~3/2LmJkrdgNbo/130326162340.htm

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States Target Non-Military Drones

Privacy advocates nationwide are concerned that numerous bills being presented to control the use of drones for research and rescue efforts in the United States may not be enough to protect Americans' rights.

Drones are increasingly being used by agencies such as police and fire departments, reports NBC News, and many agencies say the small flying machines are becoming crucial devices. The Federal Aviation Administration has been tasked to integrate drones into the U.S. air space by 2015, but their use for non-military purposes is already growing.

State officials are busy working on bills to protect residents from privacy and safety concerns. For example, Oregon lawmakers have proposed a bill to require anyone who operates a drone to be licensed by the Oregon Department of Aviation, according to the network.

In Indiana, a bill won't allow a news station to use drones to survey traffic or allow law enforcement to send them out searching for lost hikers. In Nebraska drones can't be used to gather information or evidence except in the case of a terrorist threat.

The bills, if passed, will help protect Americans' privacy, advocates argue.

?With drones, we have arrived at a moment when it is technologically possible to engage in constant mass aerial surveillance," American Civil Liberties Union senior policy analyst Jay Stanley told NBC. And even though surveillance cameras already watch people, drones ?raise the stakes considerably from there,? he said.

Domestic drones aren't quite as powerful or effective as those being used by the Pentagon, but they still offer a new tool for law enforcement.

Current laws may be able to help prevent some abuses, said John Villasenor, policy expert with UCLA and the Brookings Institution. However, questions still remain about what will be done with the information that is gathered.

?Whether data's being collected by Google or from cellphones or bank cameras or traffic cameras, I don't think the medium is the essence," countered Michael Toscano, president of the Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International, which represents drone makers, according to NBC.

? 2013 Newsmax. All rights reserved.

Source: http://www.newsmax.com/US/States-Target-Non-Military-Drones/2013/03/24/id/496065

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Cameras capture tigers trekking through wildlife corridor

World Land Trust

An adult male tiger photographed on March 13, 2013, in Kerala shortly after eating a gaur, an Indian bison.

By Douglas Main, LiveScience

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A camera trap has captured photos of two healthy tigers using a protected corridor in the Kerala province of southwest India this year, evidence that the pathway could help populations of the endangered animals.

The first photo shows an adult male tiger in very good health that has just preyed upon a gaur, also known as an Indian bison, according to a release from the World Land Trust, which funded the creation of the protected area. The camera trap spotted another adult tiger, also in good health, earlier in the year.

The corridor, which is about 4 miles (6 kilometers) long and connects two adjacent wildlife reserves, was originally created to allow elephants to move between the parks. Indeed, elephants have been spotted moving through the area, as have sloth bears, leopards, barking deer and mongooses, according to the release.

World Land Trust

An adult tiger photographed on Jan. 5, 2013, in Kerala, southwest India.

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"We are all very pleased to see the increased usage of the corridor by a wide range of animals, and capturing these tigers on film is very exciting," said Sandeep Kr. Tiwari, deputy director at Wildlife Trust of India.

The Thirunelli-Kudrakote corridor, as it's called, runs through a global hotspot of diversity, the World Land Trust reports. India's largest elephant population calls the corridor home, as do 10 native mammal species (including the Salim Ali's fruit bat and the Nilgiri tahr, a type of goat) and 13 endemic bird species, like the Malabar parakeet.

Email Douglas Main ?or follow him @Douglas_Main. Follow us? @OAPlanet, Facebook ?or ? Google+.Original article on LiveScience's OurAmazingPlanet.

Source: http://feeds.nbcnews.com/c/35002/f/653377/s/29ef81ee/l/0Lscience0Bnbcnews0N0C0Inews0C20A130C0A30C240C174428960Ecameras0Ecapture0Etigers0Etrekking0Ethrough0Ewildlife0Ecorridor0Dlite/story01.htm

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PFT: Giants offer Cruz $7 million-plus per year

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The Buccaneers struggled last year on defense, especially in the secondary.? And, as Rick Stroud of the Tampa Bay Times explains it, coach Greg Schiano takes that personally.

Schiano got his NFL start as the defensive backs coach in Chicago, but in his first year as a head coach Schiano?s team nearly set the league record for passing yards allowed in a season.? Included in that total were 69 completions of at least 20 yards and 11 of more than 50.

?The big pass plays, those are killers,? Schiano said, via Stroud.? ?They not only affect the game, but they affect the momentum of the game.? When you?re at home, it sucks the life out of your crowd, and when you?re on the road, it ignites the crowd.

?Some of the changes we made are the result of people not doing things exactly how we wanted them done. We did make a staff change,? Schiano said, regarding the departure of defensive backs coach Ron Cooper.? ?I?m not going to duck that. . . .? It?s even more frustrating for me because that?s supposed to be your area of expertise.?

The Buccaneers have added safety Dashon Goldson via free agency, and they continue to be in the hunt for Jets cornerback Darrelle Revis.? Goldson and Mark Barron have similar styles, and that?s fine with Schiano.

?It doesn?t matter to me,? Schiano said. ?We?re actually an interchangeable safety defense.? So there?s not really a cover guy and a box guy.?

The ultimate cover guy ? Revis ? would pump up the secondary considerably.? And it could make the Buccaneers major players in the NFC South.? Even if, in the end, the Bucs don?t have a spot in the lineup for future Hall of Famer Ronde Barber.

Source: http://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2013/03/23/report-giants-offer-cruz-more-than-7-million-per-year/related/

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